An upper endoscopy can be used to determine the cause of heartburn and is often performed as an outpatient procedure. Upper endoscopy uses a thin scope with a light and camera at its tip to look inside of the upper digestive system -- the esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. During endoscopy, certain procedures such as taking a small tissue sample (biopsy) for testing may be performed.
In addition to heartburn, the procedure may also be used to help evaluateEndoscopy can also help identify inflammation, ulcers, and tumors. Upper endoscopy can be more accurate than X-rays or other imaging for detecting abnormal growths and for examining the inside of the upper digestive system.
Indications of UGI endoscopyColonoscopy and Sigmoidoscopy are screening tests that use a thin flexible tube with a camera at the end to look at the colon but differ in the areas they can see. A colonoscopy examines the entire colon . The colonoscope is a four-foot long, flexible tube about the thickness of a finger with a camera and a source of light at its tip. The tip of the colonoscope is inserted into the anus and then is advanced slowly, under visual control, into the rectum and through the colon usually as far as the cecum, which is the first part of the colon.
If a pre-cancerous polyp or cancer is found, you’ll need to have a colonoscopy later to look at the rest of the colon. But sometimes only the rectum and sigmoid colon need close inspection. A sigmoidoscopy, also called a flexible sigmoidoscopy, is a procedure that lets your doctor look inside your sigmoid colon by using a flexible tube with a light on it. It helps your doctor check for:
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a specialized technique used to study and treat problems of the liver, pancreas and, on occasion, the CBD Stones. ERCP is performed under sedation. Generally, the level of sedation for ERCP is deeper than upper endoscopy and colonoscopy due to the complexity and length of the procedure.
What kind of Diseases Diagnosed by ERCP?ERCP can be used to diagnose biliary colic, jaundice, elevated liver enzymes, cholangitis (inflammation of a bile duct), pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), and bile-duct (biliary) obstruction due to CBD Stones (choledocholithiasis) and cancer. ERCP can be used to treat CBD Stones, malignant and benign biliary strictures, cholangitis, pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis. Traditionally, ERCP was used as both a diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic tool for evaluating diseases of the bile ducts, pancreas and CBD Stones. With improved Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and the emergence of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), ERCP is now primarily a therapeutic instrument for treating conditions of the bile ducts and pancreas.
ERCP is a safe procedure in expert hands, and is performed on day care basis, however serious complications like cholangitis, pancreatitis, perforation can occur in 1-3% of cases, which may require longer hospital stay
Capsule endoscopy is a procedure that uses a tiny wireless camera
to take pictures of your digestive tract. A capsule endoscopy camera sits inside a
vitamin-size capsule you swallow.
As the capsule travels through your digestive tract, the camera takes thousands of pictures
that are transmitted to a recorder you wear on a belt around your waist.
Capsule endoscopy helps doctors see inside your small intestine — an area that isn't
easily reached with more-traditional endoscopy procedures. Traditional endoscopy involves
passing a long,
flexible tube equipped with a video camera down your throat or through your rectum.
Capsule endoscopy has also been approved
With the evolution of society and changes in human lifestyle, obesity is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide, and obesity-related comorbidities such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and coronary heart disease are more common.
Medications do not work very well for long-term weight loss. Surgery is not the best option for those who need to lose a moderate amount of weight because of increased risks, fear and expenses. New weight loss treatments are being developed using simple techniques that involve the use of scopes. This field is called bariatric endoscopy (or endobariatrics) and it fills the gap between surgery and medications.
Therapeutic approach to obesity treatment. The effect of endoscopic bariatric treatment for weight loss is greater than that of drugs but lower than that of bariatric surgery, but endoscopic bariatric treatment features fewer complications than bariatric surgery. VBG, vertical band gastroplasty; RYGB, Rouxen-Y gastric bypass; DS, duodenal switch; BPD, biliopancreatic diversion.
Cystogastrostomy is a surgery to create an opening between a pancreatic pseudocyst and the stomach when the cyst is in a suitable position to be drained into the stomachThis conserves pancreatic juices that would otherwise be lost.This surgery is performed by a pancreatic surgeon to avoid a life-threatening rupture of the pancreatic pseudocyst.
A relatively new and less-invasive method involving endoscopic ultrasound guidance and fluoroscopy. A large bore needle is used to access the identified pseudocyst, creating a fistula between the cystic cavity and either the stomach or the duodenum. Plastic stents may be placed to facilitate drainage from the pseudocyst. It is being presently done for colstridium difficut colitis and steriod depended/steriod Refractry ulceraline colitis.
Fecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT) is a procedure in which fecal matter, or stool, is collected from a tested donor, mixed with a saline or other solution, strained, and placed in a patient, by colonoscopy, endoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or enema. The purpose of fecal transplant is to replace good bacteria that has been killed or suppressed, usually by the use of antibiotics, causing bad bacteria, specifically Clostridium difficile, or C. diff., to over-populate the colon. This infection causes a condition called C. diff. colitis, resulting in often debilitating, sometimes fatal diarrhea.
The hydrogen breath test is a test that uses the measurement of hydrogen in the breath to diagnose several conditions that cause gastrointestinal symptoms. In humans, only bacteria - specifically, anaerobic bacteria in the colon - are capable of producing hydrogen. The bacteria produce hydrogen when they are exposed to unabsorbed food, particularly sugars and carbohydrates, but not proteins or fats. Although limited hydrogen is produced from the small amounts of unabsorbed food that normally reach the colon, large amounts of hydrogen may be produced when there is a problem with the digestion or absorption of food in the small intestine, that allows more unabsorbed food to reach the colon.
When is it done?Prior to hydrogen breath testing,
Argon plasma coagulation or APC is a medical endoscopic procedure used primarily to control bleeding from certain lesions in the gastrointestinal tract, and also sometimes to debulk tumours in the case of patients for whom surgery is not recommended. It is administered during esophagogastroduodenoscopy or colonoscopy. Argon plasma coagulation (APC) is a non-contact thermal method of hemostasis that has generated much attention and excitement in recent years. It was introduced as an alternative to contact thermal coagulation (heater probe and bipolar cautery) and to existing non-contact technologies (primarily laser).
Foreign body retrieval is the removal of objects or substances that have been introduced into the body. Objects may be inhaled into the airway, swallowed or lodged in the throat or stomach, or embedded in the soft tissues. About 80 percent of foreign body ingestions occur among children. Most foreign bodies pass through the gastrointestinal tract without complication, and endoscopic or surgical intervention is required only 10 to 20 percent of the time. Foreign bodies in the throat or stomach: Some ingested foreign bodies cause no symptoms. Alternatively, the patient may experience a sensation of something being stuck in their throat or esophagus. Drooling and difficulty swallowing are common symptoms. A small sharp object may become lodged in the esophagus and cause pain, even though they are able to swallow. Larger foreign bodies can partially or completely obstruct the stomach, the small intestine or, in rare cases, the large intestine, causing cramps, bloating, loss of appetite, vomiting, and sometimes fever. A sharp object that pierces the stomach or intestines can cause severe abdominal pain, fever, fainting and shock
Esophageal stents have been used to palliate patients with dysphagia caused by esophageal cancer. Early rigid plastic prostheses have been associated with a high risk of complications. However, with the development of self-expanding stents, it has developed into a widely accepted method for treating malignant esophageal strictures and esophagorespiratory fistulas (ERFs).
Esophageal cancer is one of the most common malignancies and a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.
A liver biopsy is a procedure to remove a small piece of liver tissue, so it can be examined under a microscope for signs of damage or disease. Your doctor may recommend a liver biopsy if blood tests or imaging studies suggest you might have a liver problem. A liver biopsy is also used to determine the severity of liver disease. This information helps guide treatment decisions.
Indications of liver biopsyLiver biopsy is a is a safe procedure Severe complication can
occur in 1 in 50,000 procedures.
FibroScan is a non-invasive device that assesses the ‘hardness’ (or
stiffness) of the liver via the technique of transient elastography. Liver hardness is
evaluated by measuring the velocity of a vibration wave (also called a ‘shear wave’)
generated on the skin.
The FibroScan device is approved for liver elastography measurements in patients with
known chronic liver disease and particularly for patients with chronic hepatitis C. The
test is simple, non-invasive and painless, and can help your doctor estimate the
severity of fibrosis in your liver which may help with treatment and monitoring
decisions.
Manometry is the measurement of pressure within liquids or gases using a device called a manometer. It is commonly used in fluid mechanics, medical diagnostics, and industrial applications. Manometers can be U-tube, digital, or inclined, depending on the precision required. This technique helps monitor pressure differences in pipelines, respiratory systems, and laboratory experiments.
Indications of Manometry:The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the throat (pharynx) to the stomach, allowing food and liquids to pass. It plays a crucial role in digestion by moving swallowed substances through coordinated muscle contractions called peristalsis. The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) prevents stomach acid from flowing back into the esophagus. Disorders like GERD, achalasia, and esophagitis can affect its function and cause discomfort.
Indications of OsephegialAnorectal biofeedback therapy is a non-invasive treatment used to retrain bowel function and pelvic floor muscles. It is commonly used for conditions like fecal incontinence, chronic constipation, and pelvic floor dyssynergia. The therapy involves sensors that provide real-time feedback to help patients improve muscle coordination. It is a safe and effective technique to restore normal bowel control and improve quality of life.
Indications of Anorectal And Biofedback Therapy